Period, period, comma: an overview of common punctuation errors and how to fix them. Comma. Introductory words I hope that a comma

1. Introductory words and phrases are not part of the offer. With their help, the speaker expresses his attitude to the content of the statement (confidence or uncertainty, emotional reaction, etc.):

Example: Unfortunately, he did not have watercolors.(Soloukhin).

Introductory sentences can also perform the same function.

For example: I dare say I was loved in the house(Turgenev) - in terms of structure, a definite-personal one-part sentence; In life, you know, there is always a place for exploits(M. Gorky) - in structure, a two-part sentence; We, if you want to know we came to demand(Gorbatov) - in structure, a conditional one-part clause.

In writing, introductory words, phrases and sentences usually separated by commas.

Digits of introductory words by value

Meaning	Introductory Components	Examples
1. Evaluation of the reported in terms of reliability, etc.:
1.1. Confidence, credibility	Of course, of course, undoubtedly, undoubtedly, without a doubt, certainly, really, in fact, really, naturally, naturally, naturally and etc.	Undoubtedly, someone is sucking the life out of this strange girl who cries when others in her place laugh (Korolenko). The heroine of this novel needless to say, was Masha (L. Tolstoy). Indeed, since my mother died ... I was very rarely seen at home (Turgenev).
1.2. uncertainty, speculation, vagueness, assumption	Probably, it seems, apparently, probably, in all probability, right , in some way, in some way, suppose, suppose, suppose, if you like, anyway and etc.	She probably still drinks coffee and cookies in the morning.(Fadeev). Life, it seems, has not yet begun(Paustovsky). Gift bread, apparently, to your taste(Mezherov). And he dreamed, perhaps, of approaching by another way, of knocking at the window as a welcome guest, dear(Twardowski). My head hurt a bit. Must be bad weather(Chekhov).
2. Different feelings:
2.1. Joy, approval	Fortunately, for happiness, for joy, for joy, for the pleasure of someone, what is good, what is even better and etc.	Fortunately, Alekhine left the house an hour earlier and managed to catch the steamer sailing to Frankfurt(Kotov). Here, to the indescribable admiration of Petya, on the old kitchen table, a whole locksmith's workshop is arranged(Kataev).
2.2. regret, disapproval	Unfortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, to the shame of someone, to regret, to annoyance, to misfortune, as to misfortune, as if on purpose, a sinful deed, which is even worse, which is insulting, alas and etc.	Unfortunately, I must add that in the same year Paul died(Turgenev).
2.3. Surprise, bewilderment	Surprisingly, surprisingly, surprisingly, surprisingly, strangely, strangely, incomprehensibly and etc.	Naydenov, to Nagulny's amazement, in one second brushed off his leather jacket, sat down at the table(Sholokhov).
2.4. Fear	Irregular hour, what good, God forbid, just look and etc.	Just look, the oar will vomit and throw itself into the sea(Novikov-Priboy).
2.5. The general expressive nature of the utterance	In conscience, in fairness, in fact, in essence, to the soul, in truth, truth, in truth, it is necessary to tell the truth, if the truth is told, it is ridiculous to tell, to tell in honor, speaking between us, there is nothing to say in vain, I confess, except jokes, actually and etc.	Followed him, however, some weakness(Turgenev). I confess, I do not like this tree - aspen too much ...(Turgenev). Nothing offends me so much, I dare say, offends me so much, as ingratitude.(Turgenev).
3. Message source	According to someone's report, according to someone's opinion, in my opinion, in your opinion, according to someone's words, according to someone's expression, according to rumors, according to a proverb, according to legend, from someone's point of view, I remember, hear, they say, say, they say, how they hear, how I think, how I think, how I remember, how they say, how they think, as it is known, as it was indicated, as it turned out, as they used to say in the old days, in my opinion and etc.	Pesotsky, they say, has apples as big as his head, and Pesotsky, they say, has made a fortune with his garden(Chekhov). The calculation, in my opinion, was mathematically accurate(Paustovsky). Twenty years ago, Linen Lake was such a wilderness that, according to foresters, not every bird dared to fly there(Paustovsky).
4. The order of thoughts and their connection	Firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally, so, therefore, therefore, thus, on the contrary, vice versa, for example, for example, in particular, in addition, besides, to top it all, in addition, moreover, on the one hand, on the other hand, by the way, by the way, in general, in addition, therefore, the main thing, by the way, by the way, by the way and etc.	On the one hand, the darkness was saving: it hid us(Paustovsky). Forest air is healing, it lengthens life, it increases our vitality, and, finally, it turns the mechanical and sometimes difficult process of breathing into pleasure.(Paustovsky). So, the next day I stood in this room outside the doors and listened to how my fate was decided.(Dostoevsky).
5. Evaluation of the style of utterance, manner of speech, ways of formulating thoughts	In a word, in a word, in other words, in other words, directly speaking, roughly speaking, in fact, in fact, in short, in short, rather, it is better to say, to say directly, easier to say, so to speak, how to say, so to speak, what is called and etc.	In a word, Storeshnikov every day more and more firmly thought to marry(Chernyshevsky). In short, this is not a master in science, but a worker(Chekhov). We got up and went to push to the well, or rather, to the fountain.(Garshin).
6. Evaluation of the measure, the degree of what is being said; the degree of generality of the stated facts	at least, at least, to some extent, to a large extent, as usual, as usual, happens, happens, as usual, as always, as it happens, as it happens, as it happens sometimes and etc.	Talked to me at least like an army commander(Simonov). Behind the counter, as usual, almost the entire width of the opening stood Nikolai Ivanovich ...(Turgenev) It happens that my luck is happier(Griboyedov).
7. Attracting the interlocutor's attention to the message, emphasizing, underlining	Do you see (whether), know (whether), remember (whether), understand (whether), believe (whether), listen, allow, imagine, imagine, you can imagine, believe, imagine, confess, believe, believe, do not believe, agree, notice, do me a favor, if you want to know, I remind, we remind, I repeat, I emphasize what is important, what is even more important, what is essential, what is even more significant and etc.	You were scared, admit it, when my fellows threw a rope around your neck?(Pushkin). Imagine our young ones are already bored(Turgenev). We, if you want to know we came to demand(Gorbatov). Where was it, please?(Pavlenko).

2. According to their grammatical correlation, introductory words and constructions can go back to various parts of speech and various grammatical forms:

nouns in various cases with and without prepositions;

No doubt, happily, fortunately and etc.

adjectives in short form, in various cases, in superlative degree;

Right, to blame, the main thing, in general, the most important thing, the least.

pronouns in indirect cases with prepositions;

Besides, besides, meanwhile.

adverbs in positive or comparative degree;

Undoubtedly, of course, probably shorter, rather.

verbs in various forms of indicative or imperative mood;

I think, do you believe, it seemed, they say, imagine, have mercy.

infinitive or combination with infinitive;

See, know, admit, it's funny to say.

combinations with adverbs;

To tell the truth, in short, to put it bluntly.

two-part sentences with a subject - a personal pronoun and a predicate - a verb with the meaning of will, speaking, thought, etc.;

For as long as I can remember, I often think.

impersonal offers;
She thought we all remember well.
indefinitely personal proposals.
So they thought of him, as they usually spoke of him.

That's why it is necessary to distinguish between introductory words and homonymous forms and constructions.

Note!

Depending on the context, the same words sometimes act as introductory (hence, not members of the sentence), then as members of the sentence. In order not to be mistaken, you should remember that:

a) a question can be put to a member of the proposal;

b) the introductory word is not a member of the sentence and has one of the meanings listed above;

in) introductory words can usually (but not always) be removed from the sentence.

Compare the following sentences in pairs:

This is true(Dostoevsky). - True, sometimes ... it's not too fun to wander along country roads (Turgenev).

During the summer, he can become attached to this weak, talkative creature, get carried away, fall in love (Chekhov). - You might think that I'm asking you for money!(Dostoevsky).

Listen, we right went? Do you remember the place? (Kassil). - Donkey shouts: we, right, will get along, if we sit next to each other(Krylov).

In a number of cases, the criterion for distinguishing between introductory words and members of a sentence is the possibility of adding a word saying.

By the way, he never came.("By the way"); You really shouldn't have come.("as a matter of fact"); In short, the book is useful.("shortly speaking"); I really don't want to go back to what I said.("in truth").

When determining the syntactic function and punctuation, in some cases it is necessary to take into account several conditions.

1) The word probably is introductory in the sense of "probably, apparently":

The sisters are probably already asleep(Korolenko).

The word probably is a member of the sentence in the sense of "undoubtedly, exactly":

If I know(how?) maybe that I must die, then I will tell you everything, everything!(Turgenev).

2) The word is finally introductory:

if it indicates a connection of thoughts, the order of their presentation (in the meaning of “and more”) completes the enumeration:

Opekushin was a native of the common people, at first self-taught, then a recognized artist and, finally, an academician(Teleshov).

Often the word is finally preceded by homogeneous members of the word Firstly Secondly or on the one hand on the other hand, in relation to which the word is finally the closing enumeration;

if it gives an assessment of a fact from the point of view of the speaker's face or is used to express impatience, to strengthen, emphasize something:

Yes, go away, finally!(Chekhov).

Note!

The word finally is not introductory and performs the function of a circumstance in the meaning of “at the end”, “finally”, “after everything”, “as a result of everything”.

Gave three balls annually and squandered finally (Pushkin).

In this meaning, the particle -to can usually be added to the word (with an introductory word, such an addition is impossible).

Wed: Finally got to the station (Finally got to the station). - You can finally turn to your father for advice(adding a particle -then impossible).

3) The distinction between the combination in the end as an introductory and as a member of the sentence - the circumstance is similar in terms to the word at last.

Wed: After all, in the end, we have not yet decided anything definitively! (eventually denotes not time, but the conclusion reached by the speaker as a result of a series of reasoning). - Finally agreement has been reached(the meaning of the circumstance "as a result of everything").

4) A word, however, is introductory if it is in the middle or at the end of a simple sentence:

Heat and fatigue took, however, their(Turgenev); How clever I am, however(Chekhov).

At the beginning of a sentence (part of a complex sentence) or as a means of connecting homogeneous members, the word however has the meaning of an adversative union (it can be replaced by a union but), so a comma is placed only before this word:

However, it is desirable to know - by what witchcraft did the peasant take such power over the whole district?(Nekrasov).

Note. In rare cases, however, the word is separated by a comma at the beginning of the sentence, approaching in meaning an interjection (expresses surprise, bewilderment, indignation), for example: However, what a wind!(Chekhov).

5) The word of course is usually set off with commas as a lead:

Fedor still worked in the rear, heard, of course, and read many times about "folk heroes"(Furmanov).

But sometimes the word of course, pronounced in a tone of confidence, conviction, takes on the meaning of an affirmative particle and is not punctuated:

Of course it's true!; Of course it is.

6) The word is indeed introductory in the sense of "yes, that's right, exactly" (usually it takes a position at the beginning of a sentence):

Indeed, from the battery, a view of almost the entire location of Russian troops(L. Tolstoy).

As an adverb really has the meaning "in fact, truly, in reality" (usually it comes between the subject and the predicate):

I really is as you say(Dostoevsky).

7) A word in general is introductory if it is used in the sense of "generally speaking":

In general, one could agree with this statement, but it is necessary to check some data; Actually, I would like to know what really happened.

In other cases, the word is generally used as an adverb in different meanings:

in the sense of "in general", "as a whole":
Pushkin is to Russian art what Lomonosov is to Russian education. generally (Goncharov);
in the meaning of "always", "absolutely", "under all conditions":
He kindle fires generally forbade it was dangerous(Kazakevich);
in the meaning of "in all respects", "in relation to everything":
He generally looked weird(Turgenev).

This provision also applies to the form in general.

Wed: Sadness, in general, nothing(introductory word, can be replaced - generally speaking). - These are the terms generally uncomplicated process(meaning "in the end"); I made a few remarks about various little things, but all in all very much praised(Garshin) (meaning "as a result").

8) Combination anyway is introductory if it has a restrictive-evaluative value:

Anyway, his last name was not Akundin, he came from abroad and spoke for a reason (A.N. Tolstoy); This information at least in the short term, it will be difficult to check (the entire turnover is highlighted).

In the meaning of "under any circumstances" this combination is not introductory:

You anyway will be informed of the progress of the case; I was firmly convinced that anyway I'll meet him today at my mother's(Dostoevsky).

9) The combination, in turn, is not highlighted as busy if it is used in a meaning close to direct, or in the meaning of “in response”, “on its part”:

He in its turn asked me(i.e. when it was his turn); The workers thanked their bosses for their help and asked to visit them more often; in turn, representatives of the patronage organization invited the workers to a meeting of the theatre's artistic council.

In a figurative sense, the combination, in turn, acquires the meaning of introductory and punctuation stands out:

Among the newspaper genres, the genres are informational, analytical, and artistic and journalistic; among the latter, in turn, stand out essay, feuilleton, pamphlet.

10) The combination really in the meaning of "really" is not introductory. But if this combination serves to express bewilderment, indignation, indignation, etc., then it becomes introductory.

11) In particular, indicating the relationship between parts of the statement, it is separated from both sides by commas:

He is interested in particular in the origin of individual words.

But if, in particular, it is part of the connecting structure (at its beginning or at the end), then it is distinguished by being occupied together with this structure:

Many will willingly undertake this work, and in particular I; Many will willingly undertake this work, and I in particular.

If, in particular, it is included in the design in general and in particular, then such a construction is not separated by commas:

Over tea, the conversation turned to the household in general and in particular about gardening(Saltykov-Shchedrin).

12) The combination is mainly introductory, if it serves to highlight a fact, to express its assessment.

For example: There was a wide alley ... and it was mainly the public who walked along it.(Bitter) (it is impossible to form the combination “mainly to walk”, therefore, in this example, the combination mainly is not a member of the proposal); The article should be corrected and, mainly, supplemented with fresh material. (mainly meaning "most important"). The combination mainly, which is part of the connecting structure (at its beginning or at the end), is separated by commas along with it, for example: From fifty people mostly officers, crowded in the distance(Pavlenko).

The combination is mainly not introductory in the meaning of "first of all", "most of all":

He achieved success mainly due to his industriousness; What I like most about him is his sincerity.

13) The word main is introductory in the sense of "especially important", "especially important":

You can take any topic for the story, but, most importantly, it should be interesting; Details can be omitted, and most importantly - to make it entertaining(a comma cannot be put after the union a, and a dash is put after the introductory combination to strengthen punctuation).

14) The word means is introductory if it can be replaced by introductory words hence it became:

People are born, get married, die; it means it's necessary, it means it's good(A.N. Ostrovsky); So, does that mean you can't come today?

If the word means is close in meaning to "means", then the punctuation depends on the place it occupies in the sentence:

in the position between the subject and the predicate, it serves as a means of communication between the main members of the sentence, a dash is placed in front of it, and no sign is placed after it:

To fight is to win;

in other cases, it means that it is not separated or distinguished by any signs:

if the word means is between the subordinate and the main clause or between the parts of the non-union complex sentence, then it is separated from both sides by commas:

If he so stubbornly defends his views, it means that he feels he is right; If you did not save the child, then blame yourself.

15) The word vice versa means “as opposed to what is said or expected; on the contrary" is introductory and is separated by commas:

Instead of slowing down, he, on the contrary, stood on the goats and desperately twisted his whip over his head.(Kataev).

If, on the contrary (after the union and) is used as a word replacing a sentence member or a whole sentence, then the following punctuation is observed:

when a member of a sentence is replaced, then no sign is placed before the union and:

In the picture, light tones turn into dark ones and vice versa.(i.e. dark to light);

when, on the contrary, it joins the whole sentence, then a comma is placed before the union:

The closer the light source, the brighter the light emitted by it, and vice versa(replacing the whole sentence: The farther away the light source, the less bright the light it emits.; a kind of complex sentence is formed);

when, on the contrary, it joins a subordinate clause, a comma before the union is not put:

This also explains why what was considered criminal in the ancient world is considered legal in the new and vice versa.(Belinsky) (as if homogeneous subordinate clauses are formed with a non-repeating union and: ...and why what was considered criminal in modern times was considered legal in the ancient world).

16) The combination is at least introductory if it has an evaluative and restrictive meaning, that is, it expresses the attitude of the speaker to the thought expressed:

One person, driven by compassion, decided to at least help Akaky Akakievich with good advice.(Gogol); Vera Efimovna advised to apply for transferring her to political or, at least, to a nurse in a hospital.(L. Tolstoy).

If the introductory combination at least stands at the beginning of a separate turnover, then it is separated by commas along with it:

Nikolai Evgrafych knew that his wife would not return home soon, at least five o'clock! (Chekhov).

The combination is at least not separated by commas if it has the value "not less than", "at least":

From his tanned face one could conclude that he knew what smoke was, if not gunpowder, then at least tobacco smoke.(Gogol); At least I will know that I will serve in the Russian army (Bulgakov).

17) A turnover, including a combination from the point of view, is separated by commas if it has the meaning "according to":

Choosing a place to build a cottage, from my point of view, lucky.

If such a combination has the meaning "in relation", then the turnover is not separated by commas:

I know that a crime has been committed if you look at things from the point of view of general morality; In terms of novelty, the book deserves attention.

18) The word approximately is introductory in the sense of "for example" and is not introductory in the sense of "approximately".

Wed: I try about her, about("for example"), not to think is impossible(Ostrovsky). - We are about("approximately") in these tones and with such conclusions they talked(Furmanov).

19) The word for example is associated with the following punctuation:

separated by commas as introductory:
Nikolai Artemyevich liked to argue persistently, for example, about whether it is possible for a person to travel around the entire globe throughout his life.(Turgenev);
stands out together with a turnover, at the beginning or at the end of which is:

requires a comma before itself and a colon after itself, if it is after a generalizing word before listing homogeneous members:

Some mushrooms are very poisonous, for example: pale grebe, satanic mushroom, fly agaric.

Note!

Never are not introductory and the words are not separated by commas:

as if, as if, hardly, hardly, allegedly, almost, even, exactly, after all, only, certainly, just, nevertheless, necessarily, suddenly.

3. General rules for punctuation marks for introductory words, combinations and sentences.

1) Basically, introductory words, phrases and sentences are separated by commas:

I confess that he did not make a good impression on me.(Turgenev); Yes, you probably saw her that evening(Turgenev).

2) If the introductory word is after the enumeration of homogeneous members and precedes the generalizing word, then only a dash (without a comma) is placed before the introductory word, and a comma after it:

Books, brochures, magazines, newspapers - in a word, all kinds of printed matter lay on his desk in complete disarray.

If the sentence is complex, then a comma before the dash is placed on the basis of the general rule for separating parts of a complex sentence:

The men drank, argued and laughed - in a word, dinner was extremely cheerful (Pushkin).

3) When two introductory words meet, a comma is placed between them:

What good, perhaps, and marries, out of tenderness of the soul ...(Dostoevsky); So, according to you, physical labor should be done by everyone without exception?(Chekhov).

Amplifying particles with introductory words are not separated from them by a comma:

This is probably true, since there are no contraindications.

4) If the introductory word is at the beginning or at the end of a separate turnover (isolation, clarification, explanation, attachment), then it is not separated from the turnover by any sign:

The swarthy, stocky captain calmly sips his pipe, apparently Italian or Greek (Kataev); Among the comrades there are such poets, lyrics or something, preachers of love for people(Bitter).

Introductory words are not separated from a separate turnover, even if they are at the very beginning or at the very end of the sentence:

Apparently afraid of snowdrifts, the leader of the group canceled the climb to the top of the mountain; Leave these new arguments unconvincing and far-fetched of course.

If the introductory word is in the middle of a separate turnover, then it is separated by commas on a general basis:

The child, apparently afraid of the horse, ran up to his mother.

Note!

It is necessary to distinguish between cases when the introductory word is at the beginning of a separate turnover, and cases when it is between two members of the sentence.

Wed: He had information seems to have been published recently (a separate turnover, the introductory word seems to be part of it). - In his hand he held a small, it seems, technical manual.(without the introductory word, there would be no punctuation mark, since the definitions small and technical heterogeneous, the introductory word refers to the second of them).

In the presence of homogeneous definitions, when there may be doubt to which of the homogeneous terms, preceding or following, the introductory word between them refers, the second definition, together with the introductory word, can form a clarifying construction.

This information is taken from the new seems special for thiscase drawn up, directory(without an introductory word, there would be a comma between homogeneous definitions); Silence and grace reigned in it, obviously forgotten by god and people, corner of the earth(specifying definition with a demonstrative pronoun this).

If the introductory word is at the beginning of a phrase enclosed in brackets, then it is separated by a comma:

Both posts (apparently recent) have received widespread attention.

5) If there is a coordinating union before the introductory word, then the punctuation will be like this. Introductory words are separated from the previous coordinative union by a comma if the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged to another place in the sentence without violating its structure (as a rule, with unions and, but). If the withdrawal or rearrangement of the introductory word is not possible, then a comma is not placed after the union (usually with the union a).

Wed: The entire edition has already been printed, and, probably, the book will go on sale one of these days. (The entire edition has already been printed, and the book will go on sale in a few days.); This question has already been considered several times, but, apparently, the final decision has not yet been made. (This question has already been considered several times, but the final decision has not yet been made.); Here, not coal, but rather liquid fuel can be used. (It can be used not coal, but liquid fuel). - The calculations were made hastily, and therefore inaccurately.(impossible: Calculations were made hastily and inaccurately); Maybe everything will end well, and maybe vice versa(impossible: Maybe everything will end well, and vice versa).

Note!

Homogeneous member of the sentence, standing after the introductory words and therefore, therefore, is not isolated, that is, a comma is not placed after it.

For example: As a result, the strength of the electromagnetic field of incoming signals, and hence the strength of reception, increases many times over; This scheme, and therefore the whole project as a whole, needs to be verified.

6) After the connecting union (at the beginning of an independent sentence), a comma is usually not put, since the union is closely adjacent to the introductory word following it:

And imagine, he nevertheless staged this performance; And I can assure you, the performance was wonderful; And what do you think he got his way; But anyway, the decision was made.

Less often (when intonation highlights introductory words or introductory sentences, when they are included in the text by means of a subordinating union), after the connecting union, a comma is placed before the introductory construction:

But, to my great annoyance, Shvabrin, usually condescending, decisively announced that my song was not good(Pushkin); And, as usual, they remembered only one good thing(Krymov).

7) The introductory words before the comparative turnover (with the union as), target turnover (with the union to), etc., are separated from them on the basis of the general rule:

All this seemed strange to me, however, like others; The son thought for a moment, probably to collect his thoughts.(usually in these cases the introductory word refers not to the previous, but to the subsequent part of the sentence).

8) A dash can be used instead of a comma for introductory words, phrases and sentences.

The dash is used in the following cases:

if the introductory phrase forms an incomplete construction (any word restored from the context is missing), then a dash is usually put instead of one comma:

Chichikov ordered to stop for two reasons: on the one hand, to give the horses a rest, on the other, to rest and refresh himself(Gogol) (a comma before a subordinate clause is absorbed by a dash);

a dash is placed before the introductory word as an additional sign after the comma, if the introductory word is between two parts of a complex sentence and can be referred to either the preceding or the subsequent part:

The dog disappeared - probably someone drove it out of the yard(the dash emphasizes that not “the dog must have disappeared”, but that “the dog must have been driven away”).

Sometimes an additional sign emphasizes causal or conjunctive relationships between parts of a sentence:

It was difficult to check his words - obviously, the circumstances had changed a lot.

Sometimes a comma and a dash are placed before the introductory word, which is at the beginning of a separate turnover, and a comma after it, to avoid possible ambiguity:

Since there is still time, we will call someone else for the exam, for example, those who are retaken (allowable in the meaning of "suppose", "say");

a dash is placed before the introductory word after a comma if the part of the sentence following the introductory word summarizes what was said in the first part:

Chichikov asked with extreme accuracy who was the governor in the city, who was the chairman of the chamber, who was the prosecutor - in a word, he did not miss a single significant person.(Gogol);

using a dash, introductory sentences can be distinguished if they are quite common (have secondary members):

To suspect Yakov Lukich of sabotage - now it seemed to him- it was not easy(Sholokhov); Let the enemy get away, or - as it is said in the solemn language of military regulations- letting him break away is a big nuisance for scouts, almost a shame(Kazakevich).

Hope

introductory word and in the meaning of the predicate

1. Introductory word. It is distinguished by punctuation marks. For details on punctuation for introductory words, see Appendix 2. ()

“Yes, yes! Pigasov exclaimed, “self-love is what I understand, and you, hope, understand, and everyone understands; and truth—what is truth?” I. Turgenev, Rudin. “Come here, Masha,” said Kirila Petrovich, “I’ll tell you some news that I hope it makes you happy". A. Pushkin, Dubrovsky. The people gathered here are mostly knowledgeable and, hope, understand that tonight is very significant for me. A. Vampilov, Farewell in June.

2. In the meaning of the predicate. Does not require punctuation marks.

And now they’ve increased my salary, the content is excellent, my habits are unpretentious, I’ve lived half a century, the rest I hope to get through. N. Leskov, Besrebrenik. I calmly replied that whatever the accusations against me, I hope dispel them by a sincere explanation of the truth. A. Pushkin, Captain's daughter. Since Karl Ivanovich told me his story more than once, in the same order, in the same expressions and with constantly unchanging intonations, I hope convey it almost word for word... L. Tolstoy, Boyhood.

Dictionary-reference book on punctuation. - M.: Reference and information Internet portal GRAMOTA.RU. V. V. Svintsov, V. M. Pakhomov, I. V. Filatova. 2010 .

Synonyms:

See what "I hope" is in other dictionaries:

hope- Let's hope, maybe, maybe, or, maybe, God willing, the curve will take out, hopefully, maybe a Dictionary of Russian Synonyms. we hope we hope, we must hope; maybe (colloquial); the curve will take out (colloquial irony); maybe either (simple); God willing (obsolete ... Synonym dictionary

hope- see hope; in sign introductory sl. I hope you are all set... Dictionary of many expressions

hope- hope... Dictionary-thesaurus of synonyms of Russian speech

Still Love, Still Hope (film)- I still love, I still hope Genre melodrama Director Nikolai Lyrchikov Scriptwriter Nikolai Lyrchikov Starring ... Wikipedia

I still love, I still hope- Genre melodrama Director Nikolai Lyrchikov Scriptwriter Nikolai Lyrchikov Starring Ev ... Wikipedia

I wait and hope- Genre drama Director Suren Shakhbazyan Scriptwriter Viktor Smirnov Cameraman ... Wikipedia

I still love, I still hope

Still Love, Still Hope (film)- Still love, still hope Genre Melodrama Director Nikolay Lyrchikov Starring Film company Film studio im. M. Gorky Country of the USSR ... Wikipedia

While I breathe I hope- From Latin: Dum spiro, spew (dum spiro, spero). From the "Sorrowful Elegies" of the Roman poet Ovid (Publius Ovid Nason, 43 BC-18 AD). Encyclopedic Dictionary of winged words and expressions. Moscow: Locky Press. Vadim Serov. 2003 ... Dictionary of winged words and expressions

WITHOUT HOPE I HOPE- “I HOPE WITHOUT HOPE”, USSR, Moldova film, 1989, color, 80 min. social drama. On the eve of his speech at an environmental forum, the writer Kostash sets off on a voyage around his district to inform the local authorities about the arrival ... ... Cinema Encyclopedia

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We have analyzed the most common grammatical errors. However, attention was paid not to all levels of linguistics. In this article, we will focus on the errors associated with the use of punctuation marks.

When a comma is needed

Remember - we use it to separate and highlight words in sentences.

Before the second and following homogeneous members of the sentence, when listing

Often on sites there are errors in listing the characteristics of goods or services. For example:

But in the offer “We will replace the faucet and connect the shower room” The comma is not needed because the conjunction "and" used once.

As a rule, cumbersome sentences with homogeneous members and errors in them can be easily avoided. To do this, use bulleted lists:

Just use them wisely.

To separate parts of a sentence

Almost every sentence can be divided into parts. You can understand whether a comma is needed by asking a question.

Before us is the introduction of a key query, beloved by copywriters."where could I buy…". If you decide to use this cliche, then do not make mistakes in it. This little sentence is missing a comma before the word"where". It consists of the main"ask a question") and subordinate ( where to buy a coat) parts connected by union"where". We check: “Ask what question? Where to buy a coat»means a comma is needed.

To separate the subordinate part from the main one, you need to put a comma and in the following examples (you can put questions to the subordinate parts “think about what?”, “what is clear?”):

On both sides of the introductory words ("understand", "hope", "maybe", "good", etc.)

However, if "hope" was part of the predicate, a comma would be superfluous. For example: “The client ordered a site audit and hopes to get out of the filter”. "hopes to get out"- a compound predicate and a comma between its parts is not needed.

Composite introductory structures "as a rule", "primarily", "as a consequence" and others are also separated from both sides by punctuation marks (usually commas).

Note: Generally agree these constructions can be removed from the text, in our opinion, its meaning from this, Luckily , will not change - very often introductory words only complicate and overload sentences, and they can be abandoned.

In participial and adverbial phrases

Participle turns:

The adverbial turnover denotes an additional action, answering the question "doing what?":

That's right: "So, when making a choice, treat the purchase reverently."

In this example, a comma is missing at the beginning of the adverbial phrase, before the word "based on". The team not only distributes responsibilities, but is also based on specialized training - this is an additional action, so a comma is necessary.

Participial turns:

Need a comma before the word "provided"(put the question: What services? - Provided by the company).

Need a comma at the end of the turnover, before the word "done" (What clothes? - Presented in the online store).

You need commas on both sides of the participial phrase "made in Russia"(What are the carpets? - Made in Russia).

Between parts of the compound union "both ... and ..."

Many authors of articles on websites use this construction to enter a key query into the text. "cheap" and "expensive". However, the use of the union in this case is inappropriate - it would be more productive, for example, to make a transfer indicating specific prices.

Note: Often in the texts on the sites the construction "like...and so..." superfluous, and it can be "painlessly" removed or replaced with a list:

When a comma is not needed

Between subject and predicate

Lovers can buy - what is there to share?

Before the constructions "etc.", "etc.", "etc."

Between subordinate clauses, if they belong to the same main clause and are connected by the union "and"

Dash or hyphen?

These punctuation marks are often confused despite the clear difference in meaning.

A dash is placed:

Between subject and predicate

For example: "The purpose of the audit is to identify optimization errors". In this offer "goal"- subject, and "revealing"- predicate. In other words, the dash replaces the omitted (but implied) word "is".

Watch for the correct use of one or another sign. The most common mistakes in using a hyphen (instead of a dash) are just between the subject and the predicate:

In the descriptions on the site, a hyphen instead of a dash is rather a technical error, which is easy to fix. Just check what is written, because careful attention to the content is an indicator of care for the visitors of your site.

Between homogeneous members and a generalizing word

The texts on the websites of many online stores have errors in the descriptions of services, features and characteristics of goods.

Correctly:

“In the content, in the distribution of target queries, in the usability of the site - optimization is needed everywhere.”

To highlight isolated members of a sentence

For example: "He fulfilled his task - to overcome the obstacle."

The hyphen is placed:

Between parts of compound words

For example: "anchor list", "online store", "online consultant", "donor page".

In indefinite noun pronouns

For example: "someone", "something", "something", "someone", "something".

Between adverbs that make up one whole

For example: “a long time ago”, “willy-nilly”, “white-white”.

Dot

This punctuation marks the end of the story. The dot is also obligatory in abbreviations (“other”, “etc”, “because”).

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Verbs, names and adverbs in a sentence can act as introductory words, which in one way or another - grammatically, lexically, intonationally - express the speaker's attitude to what he reports.

Compare two sentences:

This question, it seemed made it difficult guest.

Face his seemed calm.

In both examples, the word seemed , but only in the second case is this word included in the members of the sentence: there it is part of the compound nominal predicate.

In the first example, the word seemed serves only to express the attitude of the speaker to what he reports. Such words are called introductory; they are not part of the sentence and can easily be omitted, for example: This question ... made the guest difficult. Note that in the second sentence, skip the word seemed impossible.

Compare a few more examples in the table:

Many words can be used as introductory words.
But there is a group of words that are never introductory.

Read two sentences:
There will obviously be a good harvest this year;
There will certainly be a good harvest this year.

The first sentence uses the word obviously, in the second - certainly . Although these words are very close in meaning, only the word from the first sentence is separated by commas and is introductory. The words below must be remembered: they are very similar to introductory words, but they are not and
commas are not separated.

Commas are NOT separated:

MAYBE, AS if, SUDDENLY, BECAUSE, HERE, IT IS HIGHLY LIKELY, ALL THE SAME, EVEN,

EXACTLY, AS IF, JUST, ALWAYS, ALWAYS, MANDATORY, ALMOST, ONLY, ALLEGEDLY.

Introductory words can convey five different types of meanings:

Most often, with the help of introductory words, the speaker conveys various
degree of certainty in what he says.
For example:
You will surely do well in the exam.
or
You seem to need to do more.
This group includes the words:
OF COURSE, OF COURSE, UNDOubtedly, DEFINITELY, WITHOUT A DOUBT, DEFINITELY, REALLY, SEEMS, PROBABLY, POSSIBLY, PLEASE.
Introductory words can also convey
feelings and attitude speaker to what he is talking about.
For example:
Unfortunately, you didn't do well in your exam.
LUCKYLY, UNFORTUNATELY, SURPRISELY, UNFORTUNATELY.
Sometimes introductory words indicate
to the source of information reported by the speaker.
Introductory phrases in this case begin with the words
BY MESSAGE, BY WORDS, BY OPINION.
For example:
You, according to doctors, need to interrupt training for a while.

The source of the message can also be the speaker himself (IN MY OPINION, IN MY OPINION)
or the source may be vague (SPEAK, HEARD).
For example:
You, they say, will have to interrupt training.

BY MESSAGE, BY WORDS, BY OPINION, BY HEARINGS, SAY, HEARD,
IN MY OPINION, IN MY OPINION, IN YOUR OPINION.
Introductory words are also used
to organize thoughts and indications of their relationship with each other.
For example:
Firstly, this participle was formed from a perfective verb; secondly, it has dependent words. Therefore, it should contain two letters N.

FIRSTLY, SECONDLY, THIRDLY, FINALLY, THEREFORE, THEREFORE, THEREFORE, THEREFORE
FOR EXAMPLE, THE REVERSE.
There are also sentences where the introductory words indicate on the way of thinking.
For example: In a word, everything went well.

OTHERWISE, IN ONE WORD, IT IS BETTER TO SAY IT SOFTLY.

Introductory words also include words that serve to attract attention interlocutor:

KNOW (KNOW), UNDERSTAND (UNDERSTAND), LISTEN (LISTEN), SEE (SEE) and others.

The same meanings can be expressed not only by introductory words, but also by similar predicative constructions (introductory sentences).

Compare:
Snowfall likely to end soon and The snowfall, I think, will end soon.

In addition to commas, brackets or dashes can be used to highlight introductory sentences.
This is done when the introductory construction is very common and contains additional comments or explanations.

For example:
Here we pass once through our village, years will be - how to tell you not to lie - fifteen years. (Turgenev)
Alexei (the reader has already recognized it) meanwhile he gazed intently at the young peasant woman. (Pushkin)

The rule of isolation of introductory words and sentences has several very important notes.

Notes:

If the introductory word is preceded by a union A or NO, then a comma between the introductory word and the union is not always put.
Compare a couple of sentences:
The doctor has finished but of course, look at a seriously ill patient.
He gave his word and consequently, must restrain him.
The introductory word can be rearranged or removed without a union only in the first case, so a comma is required between the introductory word and the union.
In the second sentence, this cannot be done, which means that the comma is not put.
Very often difficulties arise in sentences with words HOWEVER and FINALLY. The word HOWEVER stands out only when it cannot be replaced by the union BUT.
Compare two sentences:
However we understand that this figure is still low (HOWEVER = BUT).
Bye, but, we still don't have a clear picture of what's going on (HOWEVER - an introductory word).
The word FINALLY is introductory only when it has no spatial or temporal meaning, but indicates the order of thoughts.
For example:
I hope this project will be completed soon. finally will be implemented.
AND, finally, The last thing I would like to pay attention to.
Introductory words can begin with a separate construction, for example, a clarifying phrase.
In this case, a comma is not placed after the introductory word (in other words, the comma, which was supposed to “close” the introductory word, is transferred to the end of a separate turnover).
I saw, or rather felt, that she was not indifferent to me. In addition, a comma is not placed before the introductory word located at the end of a separate turnover.
For the holidays, we decided to go somewhere, to Kolomna for example. If the introductory word is in the middle of a separate construction, then it is separated by commas on a common basis. I decided to declare my love, feeling, it seems, in my heart that she, too, was not indifferent to me.
If the introductory words are located before the turn, beginning with the words "how" or "to", then they are separated by commas. The day she lived seemed meaningless to her, in fact, like all life.
He thought for a moment probably, to find the right words.

The introductory word “I hope” is necessarily set off by a comma (commas) in the sentence. The word "hope" can be a predicate, which, as a member of a sentence, is not distinguished by punctuation marks.

Depending on the context, the same word can act either as an introductory or as a member of a sentence, more often a predicate or a circumstance.

Leading word "I hope"

If this word is not grammatically connected with other members of the sentence, that is, it is impossible to ask a syntactic question from it and to it, then it is not a member of the sentence. In such a syntactic situation, the word in question is introductory. It can be removed from the sentence without distorting the meaning of the message. This introductory word expresses an assumption, assumption, uncertainty, for example:

I hope I didn't upset you with my answer.

The following introductory words and phrases have the same meaning:

probably;
probably;
in all likelihood;
obviously;
perhaps etc.

By its origin, the analyzed introductory word goes back to the verb in the form of the 1st person singular of the present tense of the indicative mood. Similarly, the following verb forms and combinations of words are introductory:

I think;
think;
I suppose;
must be assumed;
I hope;
let's put;
suppose;
if you like;
allow.

Examples of delimiting the word "hope" with a comma

In a sentence, the introductory word must be distinguished by punctuation marks. At the beginning of a sentence, it is separated by a comma, for example:

Hope we meet again.

Second case. If the introductory word is in the middle of a sentence, then a comma is placed before and after it, for example:

We won't be late, hopefully for the concert, if we use the subway.

Third case. The introductory word is at the end of the sentence and completes it. In such a situation, a comma is placed before the introductory word, for example:

We'll meet later, I hope.

The introductory word “I hope”, expressing an assumption, is distinguished by a comma at the beginning or end of the sentence, and in the middle it is separated by two commas.

The word "hope" is a predicate

I hope for you.

I hope you can do well in this difficult exam.

I hope that nothing will stop us on the way.

In all these sentences, both simple and complex, the word "I hope" plays the role of a predicate.

From the subject, you can ask a syntactic question:

what am I doing?

In the last complex sentence, the word “I hope”, at first glance, is very similar to the introductory one. It starts a sentence and is followed by a punctuation mark. An illusion is created that the introductory word is separated by a comma. Let's take a closer look at this case of punctuation. The first part is a simple definite-personal sentence, expressed by the predicate in the form of a verb in the first person singular of the present tense. There is no subject in it, but we can ask a question from the predicate to the subordinate clause:

hope for what?

This means that the word "hope" is part of the sentence. The punctuation mark after it has a different function. A comma separates the main clause from the subordinate clause.

"I hope" is separated by commas

We all remember very well that introductory words are usually always separated by commas in a sentence. But such words as: “I hope”, “true”, “may”, “true”, etc. can be full members of the proposal. How not to make a mistake and not get into a mess?

There are two rules for such words.

If the word "hope" is introductory, it is always separated by commas.
If the word “hope” acts as a predicate or circumstance (which happens most often!), It is not isolated by punctuation marks in writing.

Remember!

1. The introductory word is not grammatically connected with other members of the sentences.

2. We will not be able to raise a syntactic question from him / to him.

3. By itself, it is not a member of the proposal.

4. It can be removed from the sentence without distorting the meaning.

According to these four criteria, we are obliged to consider the word "hope" as an introductory one. In the text, it expresses an assumption, uncertainty or assumption expressed in the 1st person.

Examples of delimiting the word "hope" with a comma

The introductory word can be at the beginning of the sentence, we select it with one comma:

Hope we see you again tomorrow.

Hope you don't have to rush.

I hope this is enough for him.

In the middle of a sentence, the introductory word is separated by two commas:

I hope I didn't disturb you today.

We won't be late, hopefully for the meeting, if we take this bus.

If the introductory word ends the sentence, in this case, we will put a comma before it:

We'll see you later, I hope.

We don't need to take him with us, we'll manage, I hope.

"I hope" as a predicate

For comparison, consider options in which the word “hope” plays the role of a predicate.

On a note!

We can always ask the syntactic question “what am I doing?” from subject to verb.

I (what do I do?) hope for your help.

I (what do?) hope you can beat him in the competition.

About the intricacies of introductory structures

But if the word “hope” is at the very beginning of a complex sentence, and after it there is a comma, can it be considered introductory?

Why not? After all, the word is separated by a comma. Drawing such serious conclusions, we can safely attribute it to the introductory. But this is at first glance! Having done a little analysis, we can easily see the opposite.

For example:

I hope that no one will interfere with us today.

In this sentence, the word "I hope" is a simple definite-personal sentence, expressed as a predicate in the form of a verb in the 1st person singular of the present tense. From it we can ask a question to the subordinate clause:

I hope (for what?) that no one will interfere with us today.

In this example, the word "hope" is a member of the sentence. And the punctuation mark does not separate it at all, but simply separates the main sentence from the subordinate one!

Therefore, you should not look for an introductory word everywhere. Remember the general rules and always mentally analyze the proposal.

"I (,) hope (,) you ask me." They say that commas are needed here, but I'm not sure. So... do you have to?

It was still winter, but the sun was beginning to rise higher, and at noon, when the detachment that had set out early in the morning had already covered ten versts, it was so warm that it became hot, and its rays were so bright that it hurt to look at the steel of the bayonets and at the sparkles, which suddenly flashed on the brass of the cannons like little suns. Syntax parsing Help, please Put punctuation marks 8 for a moment, stacks of hay appeared out of the darkness, regular rows of freshly cut grass scattered across the meadow, which now seemed black. 9 on the wall hung a picture depicting a pond green with mud overgrown with water lilies. 10 branches collected for the fire seemed to be stone and thick wet smoke mixed with the same thick gray fog lay heavily on the ground. 11 I was wet to the last thread and removed from the horse with almost no memory. 12 Seized by some kind of vague premonition, Pavel quickly dressed and went out into the street. 13 The sharp voices of sports enthusiasts broke the silence of the night. Syntactic analysis of the sentence 246. A. Write down the sentences, putting the participial phrase after the definite word. Insert the missing letters, open the brackets, punctuate. Underline the participial turnover as a member of the sentence, 1. Scattered .. across the sky the stars went out one after another. 2. Rested, and at night the earth warmed up again. 3. Shaking .. the birch wind intensifies, then subsides. 4. Illuminated.. by the sun, the maple leaves appeared (bright) red. 5. Steeply climbing up the mound, the path was washed away by rain. Repetition Control questions and tasks 1. Define participle.2. What is the difference between real and passive participles? 3. What do full and short participles have in common and how do they differ?4. What rules should be followed when writing vowels in the suffixes -usch- (-yusch-), asch (yashch -) in the suffixes em-im-? In what cases in passive participles is written a (i) before one or two letters n, in which - e? How many letters n are written in the suffixes of full and short passive participles? 7. When is one and two letters n written in the suffixes of passive participles and adjectives formed from verbs? Tell about spelling not with participles.9. What is a participle turnover? When is it separated by commas in a letter? please quickly Come up with 5 narrow topics on the topic of mushrooms, why is the ending of HER and not OE written in the phrase “frozen sea”? An essay on the topic can an evil person do good deeds PLEASE HELP! Mtsyri" according to the plan: 1. Introduction. Romanticism in M.Yu. The image of the ideal hero-fighter, embodied in Mtsyri

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