The word "means" is separated by commas or not? "So": do you need a comma? The meaning of the word hence Hence what it means as an introductory word

Great and mighty is the Russian language. In what other language can the same word express different meanings, depending on the setting of the comma? And in Russian, such phenomena are very common. Take, for example, the word "means" - the comma separating it lets us know that it is introductory.

"So" - introductory word

Words that express the speaker's attitude to what he says are separated by commas. They are called introductory because they are not directly related to what the sentence is about. Such words express the author's confidence, uncertainty about the reliability of the information presented, its source, the order of the author's thoughts, his appeal to the interlocutor.

The word "means" helps the speaker to logically build their thoughts. It can also be replaced by synonyms "therefore", "thus", "so". Checking commas in this case is very simple: if the word can be skipped, and the meaning of the sentence does not change, then commas are put.

Examples of using the introductory word "means" at the beginning of a sentence

Here are sentences in which a comma is placed after “means”, in them this word or its synonyms should be at the very beginning:

So you're not going to school today?
So lessons are canceled today?
So you didn't get homework?
Thus, I am absolutely free today.
So take your jacket and go home.
Therefore, you will still have time for the stadium.
So you'll be free soon.
So, let's wait.
Therefore, it needs to be redone.
So come on, think.

As can be seen from these examples, the meaning of the sentences is not entirely clear. This introductory word "means" expresses the relations of the effect. That is, it needs context. Let's consider such examples.

Introductory word "means" in the middle of a sentence

In these cases, note that a comma is also placed before “means” and its synonyms, that is, this word is highlighted on both sides:

Classes are canceled today, so you're not going to school today?
The school is in quarantine from today, so lessons are cancelled.
There were no classes today, therefore, you were not assigned homework.
We were not given homework, which means that I am absolutely free today.
If you have already finished work, then take your jacket and go home.
You were released earlier, so you will have time to get to the stadium.
Today is a shortened day, therefore, soon you will be free.
Mom will not return soon, so we will wait.
You have a lot of mistakes in your work, therefore, you need to redo it.
You completed the task with errors, so get together, think.

Comma checking

Recall that the placement of commas in introductory words is checked by skipping them:

Classes are canceled today, are you going to school today?
The USE test is being held at the school, have the lessons been canceled today?
There were no classes today, no homework was assigned to you.
We were not given homework, I am absolutely free today.
If you have already finished work, take your jacket and go home.
You were released earlier, you will have time to get to the stadium.
Today is a shortened day, soon you will be free.
Mom will not be back soon, we will wait.
You have a lot of mistakes in your work, you need to redo it.
You completed the task with errors, get together, think.

As you can see, it is quite possible to remove this introductory word from the sentence without compromising the meaning. nevertheless present, in these cases it separates simple sentences into complex ones. The comma has nothing to do with the word "means".

Not introductory

The word "means" is separated by commas or not. Consider the conditions under which no punctuation marks are required. Firstly, it must be a predicate, and then it will be impossible to remove it without prejudice to the meaning of the statement, and secondly, a question can be posed to it from the subject, a question is raised from it to dependent words.

For example:

Family (what does it do?) means (to whom?) everything to me.
It doesn't mean anything (what doesn't it do?).
Something yes (what does?) mean.
His word means a lot (what does?) mean.

In all these sentences, the word "means" does not contain a comma.

Work with text

Let's say we need to write out the numbers of sentences in which the introductory word "means" is separated by a comma:

1) Grandmother loves music very much, but her career as a pianist somehow did not work out. 2) And she strives with all her might to make a musician out of Alyosha. 3) And the dream of seeing her grandson as a famous artist means a lot to her. 4) She finds that Aleksey even outwardly resembles the young Paganini.

5) None of the family personally knows this famous violinist, but dad dares to say that he had black eyes and a thin, pale face framed by jet hair. 6) Alyosha is chubby, blush, blue-eyed and fair-haired. 7) So, there is no complete coincidence of external signs. 8) But the grandmother stubbornly insists that the resemblance lies in the depths of the eyes, and they shine with the same inspiration in her grandson as in the famous Italian. 9) Only she sees it. 10) All the rest find that in the eyes of the boy there is complete calm, which sometimes only slightly mixes with slyness.

11) The grandson's musical career is still not set, and in order to somehow get things off the ground, the grandmother decides to use a trick. 12) One day she answers questions from a riddle concert and sends a letter to the editor on behalf of her grandson. 13) And a few days later, the announcer announces on the radio in a surprised voice that a second-grade student correctly answered eleven out of thirteen questions, which means that he takes second place in the music quiz. 14) In addition, she notices that the child’s answers are not childishly detailed and smart, which indicates that music is taught at the highest level in his school.

15) But in fact, music was not taught at Alyosha's school at all: they could not find an intelligent teacher in any way. 16) But after the victory of Alyosha in a music competition, I had to immediately find it. 17) After all, others began to beg to exchange experiences. 18) “If you have such successful students, it means that you have excellent music teachers,” the heads of the city’s educational institutions told the director of Alyosha’s school, “don’t be greedy, share.”

19) Alyosha's grandmother rejoiced: it means that her idea nevertheless brought benefits, even if not her grandson, but at least someone would become a great musician with her direct participation.

The correct answer will be this: with the introductory word “means”, a comma is placed in sentences 7, 18, 19.

Verbs, names and adverbs in a sentence can act as introductory words, which in one way or another - grammatically, lexically, intonationally - express the speaker's attitude to what he reports.

Compare two sentences:

This question, it seemed made it difficult guest.

Face his seemed calm.

In both examples, the word seemed , but only in the second case is this word included in the members of the sentence: there it is part of the compound nominal predicate.

In the first example, the word seemed serves only to express the attitude of the speaker to what he reports. Such words are called introductory; they are not part of the sentence and can easily be omitted, for example: This question ... made the guest difficult. Note that in the second sentence, skip the word seemed impossible.

Compare a few more examples in the table:

Many words can be used as introductory words.
But there is a group of words that are never introductory.

Read two sentences:
There will obviously be a good harvest this year;
There will certainly be a good harvest this year.

The first sentence uses the word obviously, in the second - certainly . Although these words are very close in meaning, only the word from the first sentence is separated by commas and is introductory. The words below must be remembered: they are very similar to introductory words, but they are not and
commas are not separated.

Commas are NOT separated:

MAYBE, AS if, SUDDENLY, BECAUSE, HERE, IT IS HIGHLY LIKELY, ALL THE SAME, EVEN,

EXACTLY, AS IF, JUST, ALWAYS, ALWAYS, MANDATORY, ALMOST, ONLY, ALLEGEDLY.

Introductory words can convey five different types of meanings:

Most often, with the help of introductory words, the speaker conveys various
degree of certainty in what he says.
For example:
You will surely do well in the exam.
or
You seem to need to do more.
This group includes the words:
OF COURSE, OF COURSE, UNDOubtedly, DEFINITELY, WITHOUT A DOUBT, DEFINITELY, REALLY, SEEMS, PROBABLY, POSSIBLY, PLEASE.
Introductory words can also convey
feelings and attitude speaker to what he is talking about.
For example:
Unfortunately, you didn't do well in your exam.
LUCKYLY, UNFORTUNATELY, SURPRISELY, UNFORTUNATELY.
Sometimes introductory words indicate
to the source of information reported by the speaker.
Introductory phrases in this case begin with the words
BY MESSAGE, BY WORDS, BY OPINION.
For example:
You, according to doctors, need to interrupt training for a while.

The source of the message can also be the speaker himself (IN MY OPINION, IN MY OPINION)
or the source may be vague (SPEAK, HEARD).
For example:
You, they say, will have to interrupt training.

BY MESSAGE, BY WORDS, BY OPINION, BY HEARINGS, SAY, HEARD,
IN MY OPINION, IN MY OPINION, IN YOUR OPINION.
Introductory words are also used
to organize thoughts and indications of their relationship with each other.
For example:
Firstly, this participle was formed from a perfective verb; secondly, it has dependent words. Therefore, it should contain two letters N.

FIRSTLY, SECONDLY, THIRDLY, FINALLY, THEREFORE, THEREFORE, THEREFORE, THEREFORE
FOR EXAMPLE, THE REVERSE.
There are also sentences where the introductory words indicate on the way of thinking.
For example: In a word, everything went well.

OTHERWISE, IN ONE WORD, IT IS BETTER TO SAY IT SOFTLY.

Introductory words also include words that serve to attract attention interlocutor:

KNOW (KNOW), UNDERSTAND (UNDERSTAND), LISTEN (LISTEN), SEE (SEE) and others.

The same meanings can be expressed not only by introductory words, but also by similar predicative constructions (introductory sentences).

Compare:
Snowfall likely to end soon and The snowfall, I think, will end soon.

In addition to commas, brackets or dashes can be used to highlight introductory sentences.
This is done when the introductory construction is very common and contains additional comments or explanations.

For example:
Here we pass once through our village, years will be - how to tell you not to lie - fifteen years. (Turgenev)
Alexei (the reader has already recognized it) meanwhile he gazed intently at the young peasant woman. (Pushkin)

The rule of isolation of introductory words and sentences has several very important notes.

Notes:

If the introductory word is preceded by a union A or NO, then a comma between the introductory word and the union is not always put.
Compare a couple of sentences:
The doctor has finished but of course, look at a seriously ill patient.
He gave his word and consequently, must restrain him.
The introductory word can be rearranged or removed without a union only in the first case, so a comma is required between the introductory word and the union.
In the second sentence, this cannot be done, which means that the comma is not put.
Very often difficulties arise in sentences with words HOWEVER and FINALLY. The word HOWEVER stands out only when it cannot be replaced by the union BUT.
Compare two sentences:
However we understand that this figure is still low (HOWEVER = BUT).
Bye, but, we still don't have a clear picture of what's going on (HOWEVER - an introductory word).
The word FINALLY is introductory only when it has no spatial or temporal meaning, but indicates the order of thoughts.
For example:
I hope this project will be completed soon. finally will be implemented.
AND, finally, The last thing I would like to pay attention to.
Introductory words can begin with a separate construction, for example, a clarifying phrase.
In this case, a comma is not placed after the introductory word (in other words, the comma, which was supposed to “close” the introductory word, is transferred to the end of a separate turnover).
I saw, or rather felt, that she was not indifferent to me. In addition, a comma is not placed before the introductory word located at the end of a separate turnover.
For the holidays, we decided to go somewhere, to Kolomna for example. If the introductory word is in the middle of a separate construction, then it is separated by commas on a common basis. I decided to declare my love, feeling, it seems, in my heart that she, too, was not indifferent to me.
If the introductory words are located before the turn, beginning with the words "how" or "to", then they are separated by commas. The day she lived seemed meaningless to her, in fact, like all life.
He thought for a moment probably, to find the right words.

There are rules in the Russian language, the formulation of which turns out to be rather complicated, it is difficult to reduce it to some elementary scheme (for example, the rule for spelling adverbs). At first glance, the rule for punctuation marks for introductory words, phrases and sentences consists in a single wording - they are highlighted in writing with commas on both sides. However, in reality, the difficulties associated with the use of introductory words and phrases in texts lead to a huge number of errors in the written work of schoolchildren and applicants.

The standard errors associated with punctuation in introductory words are the following:
The word that is introductory is not highlighted;
A word is highlighted that is mistaken for an introductory word, but is not;
The writer inaccurately uses punctuation marks when including an introductory word in the text.
In the first paragraph of this article, you can find four cases of using the rule for punctuation with introductory words, although the introductory word in it is one - "for example." The word "however" is not introductory in the proposed context, performing the function of the union "but", the combinations "at first glance" and "actually", considered by many writers as introductory, are not such at all.

So, what words will be introductory and what are the features of using punctuation marks in introductory constructions?

Introductory words are called words and sentences that are not grammatically related to the general structure of the sentence. Introductory words are not members of the sentence, they cannot be questioned. Introductory sentences and plug-in constructions are not included in the general scheme of the sentence, they are comments that are not related or not closely related to the general meaning of the sentence. Both introductory words and introductory sentences are isolated, that is, the writer uses a distinguishing punctuation mark - paired commas, dashes, brackets.

Below we will try to understand the specifics of the rule for the use of introductory words and phrases in the text. In order for everyone to check how accurately he understood the proposed section of the rule, exercises for self-analysis will be offered after each fragment. Our exercises are somewhat different from those offered in most tutorials. These are not separate phrases, but a coherent text, not quite traditional in content, but extremely rich in introductory combinations, which will allow you to more effectively work out the passed section of the rule.

Basic rule: the introductory word or phrase is separated by commas on both sides.

The main mistake of most writers is associated with inaccurate knowledge of the list of introductory words. Therefore, first of all, you should learn which words can be introductory, which groups of introductory words can be distinguished and which words are never introductory.

GROUPS OF INTRODUCTORY WORDS.

1. introductory words expressing the speaker's feelings in connection with what was said: fortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, to annoyance, to horror, to misfortune, what good ...
2. introductory words expressing the speaker's assessment of the degree of reliability of what he said: of course, undoubtedly, of course, indisputably, obviously, definitely, probably, possibly, right, maybe, should, it seems, apparently, apparently, in essence, in fact, I think ... This group of introductory words is the most numerous.
3. introductory words indicating the sequence of thoughts presented and their connection with each other: firstly, so, therefore, in general, it means, by the way, further, however, finally, on the one hand ... This group is also quite large and insidious.
4. introductory words indicating the techniques and ways of shaping thoughts: in a word, in other words, in other words, or rather, more precisely, so to speak ...
5. introductory words indicating the source of the message: they say, in my opinion, according to ..., according to rumors, according to information ..., according to ..., in my opinion, I remember ...
6. introductory words, which are the speaker's appeal to the interlocutor: see (whether), know, understand, forgive, please, agree ...
7. introductory words indicating an assessment of the measure of what is being said: at most, at least ...
8. introductory words showing the degree of commonness of what was said: it happens, it happened, as usual ...
9. introductory words expressing the expressiveness of the statement: apart from jokes, it’s funny to say, to be honest, between us…

Writers' mistakes are associated, first of all, with the incorrect characterization of the word as introductory, in other words, with the isolation of a word that is not introductory.

The following words are not introductory words and are not separated by commas in the letter:
literally, as if, in addition, all of a sudden, after all, here, out, hardly, after all, ultimately, hardly, even, precisely, exclusively, as if, as if, just, meanwhile, almost, therefore, therefore, approximately, approximately, moreover, moreover, simply, decisively, as if... - this group includes particles and adverbs, which most often turn out to be erroneously isolated as introductory.
according to tradition, according to advice ..., according to instructions ..., on demand ..., by order ..., according to plan ... - these combinations act as non-isolated members of the sentence - On the advice of her older sister, she decided to enter Moscow State University. By order of the doctor, the patient was put on a strict diet. According to the author's intention, the novel was to cover the period up to 1825.

Task 1. Put the missing punctuation marks. Try to figure out which groups the introductory words used in the text belong to.

To my shame, I do not read serious literature, preferring detective stories to it, and between us talking romance novels. Firstly, it seems that I do not always correctly grasp the author's intention, but I can follow the ups and downs of the plot of a crime story well. Secondly, I am absolutely not interested in describing the fictional experiences of the characters, so I usually skip almost half the book. Apparently, I'm just one of those people who, to put it mildly, should not read "serious" literature. In addition, this literature, in my opinion, is often written by people who have not fully realized themselves in practical activities, in other words, the unemployed, and detectives are created by former and current employees of the competent authorities, who, you see, have proven their right to understand the essence of what they describe. Of course, from the point of view of style, these novels unfortunately seem to be written off from one another, but on the other hand, the plots can, without any doubt, excite even a distinguished philologist.
For example, novels about the everyday life of police officers cannot but captivate. According to literary critics, these books are allegedly devoid of artistic merit. Therefore, reading such a work does not essentially develop our intellect, but believe me, the pleasure from the process of complicity in the investigation of a bloody crime essentially adds so much adrenaline that the intellect rises, as it were, by itself. It happens that the reader, before the heroes of the novel, guesses who, according to the author's intention, commits a crime. Perhaps it is this illusion of your superiority over the policemen participating in the action that, among other things, gives you a sense of involvement in the novel's plot, while unfortunately no one can even virtually imagine himself as one of the heroes of a postmodernist novel.
Further, any detective reader knows that evil will eventually be punished and, needless to say, justice will prevail. Thus, these books provide an opportunity to hope for the triumph of good, and in my opinion this alone is a fairly good reason for the publication of such works that, in essence, do not interfere with anyone. Maybe many will not agree with me, but agree, we all know people who have never mastered "War and Peace" and are unlikely to remember the content of the novel "Oblomov", but to be honest, even my friends professors and academicians often spend their leisure time leafing through new detective.

Depending on the context, the same words can either act as introductory words or as members of a sentence:

MAYBE and MAYBE, MUST BE, IT SEEMS act as introductory, if they indicate the degree of reliability of the reported - Maybe I'll come tomorrow? Our teacher has been gone for two days; maybe he got sick. You must be the first time you meet such a phenomenon. I think I saw him somewhere. These same words can be in the role of predicates - What can a meeting with you bring me? How can a person be so optional! This should be your own decision. All this seems very suspicious to me.
OBVIOUSLY, POSSIBLY, SHOWN turn out to be introductory if they indicate the degree of reliability of the statement - Do you obviously want to apologize for your act? Next month I may go on vacation. You don't seem to want to tell us the whole truth? The same words can be included in the composition of the predicates - It became obvious to everyone that we had to look for another way to solve the problem. This was made possible thanks to the coordinated actions of the fire brigade. The sun is not visible because of the clouds.
PROBABLY, CORRECTLY, EXACTLY, NATURALLY turn out to be introductory when indicating the degree of reliability of the reported (in this case they are interchangeable or can be replaced by words of this group that are close in meaning) - You probably (=should be), and you don’t understand how important it is to do it on time. You, right, are the same Sidorov? She certainly was a beauty. All these considerations, of course, are only our assumptions. The same words turn out to be members of the sentence (circumstances) - He correctly (=correctly, the circumstance of the mode of action) translated the text. I don't know for sure (=probably a modus operandi), but he must have done it to spite me. The student accurately (=correctly) solved the problem. This naturally (=in a natural way) led us to the only correct answer.
BTW is an introductory word if it indicates a connection of thoughts - He is a good sportsman. By the way, he also studies well. This word does not act as an introductory word in the meaning of "at the same time" - I'll go for a walk, by the way I'll buy bread.
BTW turns out to be an introductory word, indicating a connection of thoughts - Her parents, girlfriends and, by the way, best friend are against the trip. This word can be used as a non-introductory word in the context - He made a long speech, in which, among other things, he noted that he would soon become our boss.
FIRST OF ALL, as an introductory word indicates the connection of thoughts - First of all (= firstly), is it necessary to raise such a delicate topic at all? The same word can act as a circumstance of time (=first) – First of all, I want to send greetings from your parents. It must be said that in the same phrase "first of all" can be considered as an introductory, or not, depending on the will of the author.
REALLY, DEFINITELY, DEFINITELY, DEFINITELY will be introductory if they indicate the degree of reliability of the reported - From this hill, indeed (= exactly, in fact, without any doubt), the best view opened. Undoubtedly (=really, really), your child is capable of music. He has certainly read this novel. - or at the reception of the formulation of thoughts - That, in fact, is the whole story. The same words are not introductory if they appear in other meanings - I really am the way you imagined me (= in fact, in fact). He was undoubtedly a talented composer (= no doubt, actually). She is certainly right in offering us such a simple way to solve the problem (=very, quite right). I didn't really have anything against the school, but I didn't want to go to this one (= in general, exactly). The words "really" and "unconditionally", depending on the intonation proposed by the speaker, may in the same context be either introductory or not.
THUS, NEXT, THEN, FINALLY, IN THE END as introductory words indicate a sequence of thoughts - And, then, she turned out to be a celebrity. Next, we will talk about our findings. Thus (=so), our results do not contradict those obtained by other scientists. She is smart, beautiful and, finally, she is very kind to me. What, after all, do you want from me? Usually sentences containing the above words complete a series of enumerations, the words themselves have the meaning "and more". In the context above, the words "firstly", "secondly", "on the one hand", etc. may occur. "Thus" in the meaning of the introductory word turns out to be not only the completion of the enumeration, but also the conclusion.

The same words do not stand out as introductory in the meanings: "in this way" = "in this way" - Thus he was able to move the heavy cabinet. "Next" = "then" - Next, the floor is given to the second opponent. Usually in the previous context there are circumstances of time, for example "at first". "Later" = "then, after that" - And then he became a famous scientist. "Finally" = "in the end, finally, after everything, as a result of everything" - Finally, all things were successfully completed. Usually, in this sense, the particle "-something" can be added to the word "finally", which cannot be done if "finally" is an introductory word. In the same meanings as above for "finally", the combination "in the end" is not introductory - In the end (= as a result) an agreement was reached.
HOWEVER is introductory if it is in the middle or at the end of a sentence - It has, however, been raining for the second week, despite the forecasts of weather forecasters. How clever I am, however! "However" does not turn out to be introductory at the beginning of a sentence and at the beginning of a part of a complex sentence, when it acts as an adversative conjunction (= but) - However, people did not want to believe in his good intentions. We did not hope to meet, but we were lucky.
IN GENERAL is introductory in the sense of "generally speaking", when it indicates the way thoughts are formed - His work, in general, is of interest only to a narrow circle of specialists. In other senses, the word "generally" is an adverb in the sense of "as a whole, completely, in all respects, under all conditions, always" - Ostrovsky is for the Russian theater what Pushkin is for literature in general. Under the new law, smoking in the workplace is generally prohibited.
MY WAY, YOUR WAY, OUR WAY, YOUR WAY are introductory, indicating the source of the message - your child, in my opinion, has caught a cold. Do you think this proves something? The word "in his own way" is not introductory - He is right in his own way.
OF COURSE is most often introductory, indicates the degree of reliability of the statement - Of course, we are ready to help you in everything. Sometimes this word is not isolated if intonation is distinguished by a tone of confidence, conviction. In this case, the word "of course" is considered an amplifying particle - I certainly would agree if you warned me in advance.
ANYWAY more often it is introductory and is used for evaluation - I, in any case, would not like to remember this. These words, in any case, testify to the seriousness of his attitude to life. In the meaning of "always, under any circumstances" this combination is not introductory - in any case, I had to meet him today and talk to him.
IN REALLY, it is NOT introductory more often, speaking in the meaning of "really" - Petya is really well versed in computers. I really don't belong here. Less often, this phrase turns out to be introductory, if it serves to express bewilderment, indignation - Why are you, in fact, pretending to be a smart guy?
IN TURN, it can be introductory when it indicates the connection of thoughts or the way thoughts are formulated - Among many modern writers, Vladimir Sorokin is of interest, and among his books, in turn, one can single out "Roman". Asking me to help him with his work, he, in turn, did not mess around either. The same phrase can be non-introductory in the meanings "in response", "on my part" (= when the turn comes) - Masha, in turn, told about how she spent the summer.
MEAN is introductory if it can be replaced by the words "therefore", "therefore" - The message is complex, which means it needs to be transmitted today. The rain has already stopped, so we can go for a walk. If she fights so hard with us, then she feels right. This word may turn out to be a predicate, close in meaning to "means" - the Dog means more to him than his wife. When you are truly friends with a person, it means that you trust him in everything. "So" can be between the subject and the predicate, especially when they are expressed in infinitives. In this case, a dash is placed before "means" - To be offended means to recognize oneself as weak. To be friends means to trust your friend.
On the contrary, it is introductory if it indicates a connection of thoughts - He did not want to offend her, but, on the contrary, tried to ask her for forgiveness. Instead of playing sports, she, on the contrary, sits at home all day. The combination "and vice versa" is not an introductory combination, which can act as a homogeneous member of a sentence, it is used as a word that replaces the whole sentence or part of it. - In the spring, girls change: brunettes become blondes and vice versa (i.e. blondes become brunettes). The more you study, the higher marks you get, and vice versa (i.e. if you study a little, the marks will be bad; the comma before "and" appears at the end of the part of the sentence - it turns out, as it were, a compound sentence, where "on the contrary" replaces its second part). I know that he will fulfill my request and vice versa (i.e. I will fulfill it, there is no comma before "and", since "vice versa" replaces a homogeneous clause).
AT LEAST it is introductory, if grades matter - Misha, at least, knows how to behave, and does not pick his teeth with a fork. This phrase can be used in the meanings of "no less than", "the least", then it is not isolated - She will at least know that her father did not live in vain. At least five of the class must take part in cross-country skiing.
FROM THE POINT OF VIEW is introductory in the meaning of "according to" - From my grandmother's point of view, a girl should not wear trousers. Her answer, from the point of view of the examiners, deserves the highest marks. The same turnover may have the meaning "in relation to" and then it is not introductory - The work is going according to plan in terms of timing. If we evaluate the behavior of the heroes of some literary works from the point of view of modern morality, then it should be considered immoral.
IN PARTICULAR, it stands out as introductory if it indicates the connection of thoughts in the statement - She is interested, in particular, in the question of the contribution of this scientist to the development of the theory of relativity. The firm takes an active part in charitable activities and, in particular, helps orphanage No. 187. If the combination IN PARTICULAR is at the beginning or at the end of the connecting structure, then it is not separated from this structure (this will be discussed in more detail in the next section) I love books about animals, especially about dogs. My friends, in particular Masha and Vadim, vacationed this summer in Spain. The specified combination is not distinguished as an introductory one if it is connected by the union "and" with the word "in general" - The conversation turned to politics in general and, in particular, to the latest decisions of the government.
MAINLY it is introductory, when it serves to evaluate some fact, highlight it in a statement - The textbook should be rewritten and, mainly, such chapters should be added to it ... The room was used on solemn occasions and, mainly, for organizing ceremonial dinners. This combination can be part of the connecting construction, in this case, if it is at its beginning or end, it is not separated from the comma construction itself - Many Russian people, mainly representatives of the intelligentsia, did not believe the promises of the government. In the meaning of “first of all”, “most of all”, this combination is not introductory and does not stand apart - He was afraid of writing mainly because of his illiteracy. What I like most about him is his relationship with his parents.
FOR EXAMPLE will always be introductory, but is formatted differently. It can be separated by commas on both sides - Pavel Petrovich is a person who is extremely attentive to his appearance, for example, he carefully cares for his nails. If "for example" appears at the beginning or at the end of an already isolated member, then it is not separated from this turnover by a comma - In many large cities, for example, in Moscow, an unfavorable environmental situation is developing. Some works of Russian writers, such as "Eugene Onegin" or "War and Peace", served as the basis for the creation of feature films not only in Russia, but also in other countries. In addition, after "for example" there may be a colon, if "for example" is after a generalizing word in front of a number of homogeneous members - Some fruits can cause allergies, for example: oranges, tangerines, pineapple, red berries.

Task 2. In the text below, punctuate the introductory words. In the phrase in italics, all punctuation marks are missing, try to arrange them and explain what rules of the Russian language you had to use.

Pupil 6 "B" class Nikita Pryshchikov was undoubtedly lazy. Naturally, his laziness led to poor grades in school, and so he was, of course, also a loser. In general, he could sometimes fight his laziness and then, to the delight of all the teachers, he received "fours", but Nikita did not often have a desire to overcome himself. By the way, his laziness extended only to doing homework and maybe even some unpleasant household chores such as washing dishes and cleaning the room. But Nikita had time and energy for pranks, computer games and, of course, football. Actually, Pryshchikov had nothing against going to school, some lessons, in particular physical education and drawing, even gave pleasure, but mathematics and mainly the Russian language brought unbearable suffering. First of all, he did not always correctly understand the rule, but perceived it in his own way, as it seemed to him more precisely. Further, Nikita could not apply this rule in practice, which means he made a lot of mistakes. Perhaps he needed more time to understand the material, but Nikita did not have it. Coming home from school, he first of all turned on the computer and played at least an hour with an interesting and useful toy from his point of view. Then he ran into the yard and played football, demonstrating the dexterity and speed of reaction undoubtedly inherent in the boy. He really loved sports, and then the boy needs to run and jump, in the end he must grow up strong and strong. Sitting at home and reading boring books means becoming lethargic and weak, and this in turn can lead to illness. Isn't football really more important than books? Nikita expressed these thoughts to his father, and he, in turn, supported his son and protected him from his mother, who, on the contrary, considered the most important "five" in the diary.
Then Nikita rested, watched TV or played on the computer again. After that, there were just 30 minutes left for the lessons, because my mother demanded to go to bed no later than at 21.30. And it was precisely in those half an hour that Nikita was attacked by laziness, in any case, this state could only be called that. The boy listlessly went through the pages of textbooks, mainly trying to remember what was said in the class and convincing himself that he remembers everything, he closed the books. Thus, in the end, the lessons remained unfinished, and among the teachers the opinion grew stronger that Nikita Pryshchikov was undoubtedly a lazy person. You don't think so, do you?

Punctuation at the word means causes numerous difficulties for writers. If we try to summarize the recommendations of dictionaries and spelling guides, we can draw the following conclusions.

This means that in a sentence it can act as a link, union, introductory word, and also be used in the meaning of a predicate. If means is used as a link (the same as “this is”) and attaches the predicate to the subject, a dash is placed in front of it: To understand a person means to forgive. Waiting for official permission is a waste of time.

Union means (the same as "and therefore, therefore") connects simple sentences as part of a complex one. A comma is placed before the union: The clouds are gathering, so it will rain. You're angry, so you're wrong.

As an introductory word means indicates the connection of thoughts, the sequence of their presentation; the introductory word means, separated from both sides by commas, can be replaced by “therefore, it comes out”: The village, which means ours is Radovo, // Yards, read, two hundred. // To the one who looked at him, // Our places are pleasant (S. Yesenin, Anna Snegina). Are you planning on leaving? You mean you think differently? The word means, located at the beginning of a sentence, is also considered as an introductory and is separated by a comma: You are angry ... So you are wrong.

Finally, the word means, acting in the meaning of the predicate, does not require punctuation marks: What does it all mean?

These are the recommendations of the guides. However, the practice of writing shows that the word means is usually distinguished by punctuation marks in almost all of its syntactic functions (except for the function of the predicate). In addition, in many cases, variations of punctuation are possible in the same sentence. Wed equally possible: Jealous means (=and therefore) loves; Jealous means (= it) loves. In disputable cases, the final decision on the placement of punctuation marks is made by the author of the text. (Gramota.ru)

Introductory words and combinations may or may not be separated by a comma from the preceding coordinating conjunction, depending on the context.

A comma is placed after the union if the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged to another place in the sentence without violating its structure.

Before leaving, I took out a list from under the glass and, with extreme pressure, blacked out the word "Volobuy" with my rainbow pen. I decided on this because it was shaggy with paper villi and, therefore, it was already scratched before me with a claw ...

If the removal of the introductory word is impossible (that is, the union is included in the introductory construction, forming a single combination with it), then a comma is not placed after the union (usually this happens with union a).

Whether gas appears randomly or not, whether it is associated with cyclones, which means whether it is possible to predict on this basis - the question needs to be clarified

Introductory words are not separated by a comma from conjunctions at the beginning of a sentence:

And indeed, he soon left;

And by the way, the store was already closed;

And in fact, voices were heard below (Ch.); And perhaps he did the right thing. THEREFORE, introductory word and conjunction

Introductory word. Indicates the connection of thoughts, the sequence of their presentation; the same as "became". It is separated by punctuation marks, usually commas. For details on punctuation for introductory words, see Appendix 2.

To solve this problem, you first need to find out which of them contributed the most, and for this you need to subtract all three numbers from one another, and, therefore, we get, therefore, that the third merchant contributed the most ... A. Chekhov, Vacation work of the institute student Nadenka N.

Union. The same as "and therefore, therefore." Syntactic constructions with the union "therefore" are distinguished by punctuation marks, usually commas.

It was necessary to see and hear how he knew how to finish off, sometimes not sparing himself, therefore at risk, almost with heroism, one of his patrons, who had already utterly enraged him. F. Dostoevsky, Polzunkov. I am a Russian person, therefore I have the right to say this. S. Nadson, Diaries.

A guide to punctuation. Svintsov Viktor Viktorovich, Pakhomov Vladimir Markovich, Filatova Irina Vitalievna

See the Punctuation Reference. Rosenthal D. E. Full academic reference book.